氮素资源波动对反枝苋与大豆硝酸还原酶活性的影响

为探讨外来杂草反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)在入侵农田生态系统过程中对氮素资源波动的适应规律及与作物的竞争机制,采用人工模拟不同氮素波动条件的方法,比较研究了反枝苋和大豆(Glycine max)体内氮素同化关键酶——硝酸还原酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,大豆和反枝苋不同器官的硝酸还原酶活性均能对环境中的氮素添加作出快速的响应,这可能与硝酸还原酶是一种诱导酶有关;大豆硝酸还原反应主要在叶和根部进行,而反枝苋则主要在茎和繁殖器官中进行;无论是大豆还是反枝苋,在单栽其各器官的硝酸还原酶活性均大于混栽,说明种间竞争作用要明显大于种内竞争,种间竞争会显著降低植物体内氮代谢的水平。     

Growth and fitness of triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis)

Two greenhouse trials were conducted over a 2 year period (2004 and 2005) to compare the relative growth potential and fitness of triazine-susceptible (TS) and triazine-resistant (TR) waterhemp biotypes. Waterhemp plants from each biotype were grown in 6 L pots in the greenhouse in a completely randomized design. There was no difference in leaf number, plant height, plant biomass, time to bud or time to flower between the two biotypes. The TR female waterhemp plants produced 30% less reproductive biomass and 39% less seed than the TS biotype. The fitness penalty associated with triazine resistance was related to reproductive capability, not to vegetative growth.     

Shikimate accumulation in nine weedy species following glyphosate application

Glyphosate is commonly used in a variety of weed control scenarios and plants respond biochemically by continuing to attempt to push carbon through the shikimate pathway. The result is an accumulation of shikimate in sensitive plants in the days immediately after application. This research determined shikimate accumulation dynamics in nine problematic plant species from 0 to 6 days after treatment (DAT). Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Trifolium repens and Conyza canadensis showed rising concentrations through 6 DAT to >4000 mg L^?1. Chenopodium album, Xanthium strumarium and Urochloa platyphylla showed concentrations levelling off to a constant of about 2000 mg L^?1. Ambrosia trifida, Amaranthus palmeri and Polygonum pensylvanicum generally showed lower levels of shikimate accumulation and concentrations were decreasing after 3 DAT. No apparent relationships were evident between shikimate accumulation pattern and plant growth rate or speed of glyphosate activity. There also appeared to be no pattern in the shikimate accumulation trends that would allow for an informed decision as to which of these species would be most likely to develop glyphosate resistance. Shikimate concentrations were in agreement between field and glasshouse conditions for C. canadensis, but did not agree with those from A. palmeri.     

Evaluation of herbicides for selective weed control in grafted watermelons

Grafted watermelon is a combination of two plants, aCucurbita rootstock and a watermelon scion. Therefore, weed control for this crop faces a unique problem: the safety of the selected herbicide has to be tested for both plants that make up the grafted plant. In the current study, we evaluated the usage safety of selected herbicides forCucurbita rootstocks as well as for non-grafted and grafted watermelons, and the control ofAmaranthus retroflexus by the same herbicides. In addition, the residual effect of the herbicides was tested for seeded and transplanted melons representing the next crop following cultivation of the grafted watermelons. The herbicides ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, ethalfluralin, sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were chosen for their potential to controlA. retroflexus. Pendimethalin and trifluralin were less effective than the other herbicides in controllingA. retroflexus; sulfentrazone, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were not safe for use on the tested cucurbits and thus cannot be recommended for weed control in grafted watermelons. Therefore, by eliminating the herbicides that are toxic to cucurbits and those that are ineffective forA. retroflexus control, it was concluded that the herbicides ethalfluralin and oxyfluorfen can be considered effective and safe for weed control in grafted watermelons. It was shown that trifluralin and oxyfluorfen have the potential to be applied effectively through the drip irrigation system. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.     

棉田反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦的抗药性

为明确棉田反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦的抗性水平,采用培养皿种子法和整株检测法分别测定了7个省18个采样点反枝苋、马齿苋的抗性水平,并采用紫外分光光度计测定采样点反枝苋、马齿苋体内莽草酸含量变化的差异。结果表明:采样点地区的反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦存在不同程度的抗药性,2种监测法的抗性趋势基本一致,其中陕西西安采样点的反枝苋和新疆疏勒采样点的马齿苋处于敏感水平,河北曲周采样点的反枝苋抗性倍数最高。植物体内莽草酸积累变化与植物抗性水平相关,抗性较低的植物体内莽草酸积累量普遍高于抗性较高的植物。     

饲粮中添加籽粒苋对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加籽粒苋青贮和干草对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和生产性能的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成3组,每组15头牛。对照组粗饲料包括全株玉米青贮、羊草和苜蓿干草,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋青贮替代30%玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋干草替代30%苜蓿干草。3组饲粮营养水平接近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率、瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)和血液总氨基酸(T-AA)的含量(P0.05),对其他营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和乳成分影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的血液T-AA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),对其他血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标、营养物质表观消化率和乳成分均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的籽粒苋不会影响奶牛的生产性能,同时会提高牧场经济效益。     

ITS序列及其SNP位点在外来入侵杂草长芒苋、西部苋和糙果苋物种鉴定中的应用

对于以种子形态为物种主要识别依据的口岸部门,外来入侵杂草长芒苋、西部苋和糙果苋一直是鉴定的难点。本文对34种苋属植物的ITS序列和26SrDNA进行分析,通过SNP变异位点及特异性引物,借助PCR-RFLP方法,对长芒苋、西部苋与糙果苋进行快速、准确的分类鉴定。ITS序列分析表明,长芒苋种内变异小,种间变异显著,可与其他苋属植物明显区分。西部苋与糙果苋之间ITS序列差异小,需依据SNP位点来区别。     

生防菌Alternaria amaranthi-3对反枝苋的防治效果

反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus是一种世界性恶性杂草。为了确定微生物除草剂候选菌Alternaria amaranthi-3防除反枝苋的潜力,通过盆栽试验研究了接种浓度、露期和水乳剂型对A.ama-ranthi-3菌株致病力的影响。结果显示,接种浓度显著影响菌株的致病力,在48h露期条件下,接种孢子浓度为105个/mL时,菌株水剂对反枝苋幼苗生长抑制率为35.55%;浓度为107个/mL时,生长抑制率达到75.25%。露期对该菌株的致病力也有较大影响,在不保湿条件下,菌株水剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率为26.43%,而保湿48h处理的生长抑制率达到77.96%。Span80∶Tween80=1∶3的复配乳化剂和大豆油制备的水乳剂可显著降低露期对菌株防效的影响和提高菌株的致病力,无露期时,菌株水乳剂对反枝苋的生长抑制率达到88.35%,显著高于水剂;48h露期条件下,菌株水乳剂处理的生长抑制率为90.59%,而菌株水剂处理为77.96%。表明通过剂型的改进菌株Alternaria amaranthi-3能有效防除反枝苋。     

Effects of Nitrogen on the Competitiveness of Echinochloa colona and Amaranthus viridis with Direct-seeded Rice

Information on weed competitiveness responses to added nitrogen （N） is required to assist with the development of appropriate fertilizer management strategies where weed competition is anticipated. A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the effects of four N rates on the competitive ability ofEchinochloa colona and Amaranthus viridis grown together with direct-seeded rice. Rice and each weed species were grown in a replacement series design at added N rates of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha1. Replacement series diagrams for relative yield showed that competitive ability ofE. colona increased with added soil N. Values of weed aggressivity index for E. colona also significantly increased with the addition of N in the soil. In the absence of added N, A. viridis was more competitive than rice but this relationship slightly changed as N was added. However, values of weed aggressivity index of were statistically similar at all N rates. The results suggest that the competitiveness ofE. colona increased with added soil N, and A. viridis unchanged by soil N levels. Both weed species were different in their response to higher N levels. Information gained in this study could be used to demonstrate the importance of effective weed and fertilizer management.     

叉枝鸦不同溶剂萃取物对反枝苋种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了确定沙漠野生植物叉枝鸦葱拟化感物质的有效部位,为分离纯化拟化感先导化合物奠定基础,试验研究了叉枝鸦葱醇提物的四种不同极性溶剂萃取物对反枝苋种子萌发、幼苗生长发育的影响.采用培养皿法,在人工气候箱模拟条件下,测定各萃取物对反枝苋种子萌发、幼苗生长发育的影响.结果表明各萃取物对反枝苋种子萌发、幼苗生长发育均有不同程度的...